Pivoting Politics: Documenting the Shifting Position of John Motley Morehead on the Topic of Slavery

the United States. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, enslavement was legal in all thirteen original states. From that point forward, national dialogue began a process to roll back legalized slavery based on moral, social, legal, economic, and religious grounds. Despite ongoing abolitionist efforts, slavery would remain legal until ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment 89 years later, in 1865.

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North Carolina’s statesman John Motley Morehead was among the most agile and progressive politicians in the American South during mid-nineteenth century, serving two terms in the state’s legislature (1826-1828), two terms as Governor (1840-1842), and as National Whig Convention Chair in 1848. Though Morehead was a progressive who represented and worked with abolitionists to promote laws for the education and empowerment of enslaved people, he himself enslaved over thirty people at his home, Blandwood. What does Morehead’s paradoxical relationship with slavery reveal in understanding this challenging period in American history?

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Morehead was born on the 4th of July, 1796 in Pittsylvania County Virginia. At the age of two he became a citizen of North Carolina when his parents moved across the state line to Rockingham County. Morehead was born into an economic and social system of legalized slavery. In 1790, 31% of North Carolinians enslaved people.  Between the years 1800-1860, slavery greatly expanded in the United States, especially in the Deep South.  By 1860, a third of North Carolinians were Black and most were enslaved.

However, not all of North Carolina’s citizens supported the institution of slavery. Due to the influence of Quakers and other abolitionists groups, Guilford County’s enslaved population was a relatively low 18.7% in 1860. Members of the Society of Friends populated western and southern Guilford County and were a powerful voting constituency. Though the history of Quakers and slavery is complex, it is generally believed that they had enough influence in Guilford County through social networks to reduce the number of enslaved people through their testimony against the practice and their commitment to assist the emancipation of enslaved people to free states and other countries.

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As the number of free and enslaved Black people increased throughout North Carolina, so did the unease among white citizens living in such an “uncivil” society.  After Nat Turner’s 1831 insurrection, the largest insurrection by enslaved people in the United States, resulting in the death of over 60 white people in Virginia, white North Carolinians were terrified of a similar uprising. The result of this fear was to severely limit the activities and rights of all Black citizens, free and enslaved, and those who associated with them. The strictness of the laws passed to restrict the migration of Black people to the state and to limit Black freedoms are exemplified by an 1826 law that prohibited free Black people to enter the state. In 1830, a law was passed that prohibited the education of Black people, and in 1835, the right to vote was taken away from free men of color (prior to this law North Carolina was the only southern state that allowed free Black men the right to vote). Freedmen were also denied the right to preach, to own a gun, to buy or sell liquor, or to attend public schools.

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Within the context of this polarizing and dehumanizing world, Morehead exhibited some deviations from the standard Southern script. His perspective might have been influenced by his mother, Obedience Motley. In The Morehead Family of North Carolina and Virginia, an oral history from Obedience is recorded about her childhood nurse, an enslaved Black woman named Rachel, who cared for her family after the death of Obedience’s mother. The oral history described Rachel, who “had been an African princess, and, being sent one day to drive the birds from the rice fields, was suddenly kidnapped, a bag thrown over her head, and herself carried away captive and sold as a slave in America. She was faithful and kind and became a real mother to the ten children when left to her care. There was a boy also, from Africa, among the slaves, and they talked with each other in their language. He often said he would go back to his people, for whom he sighed.” [Content warning: lynching/suicide/death] The story continues, “One morning he was found hanging to a tree in the yard and Rachel explained that he had gone to his own country. The children wept for him, and only Rachel, whom they loved devotedly, could console them. She had flowers tattooed on her breast for beauty.” The effect this story had on Morehead is unknown, but perhaps it influenced his views on the experience of enslaved people in America by humanizing their plight.

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Morehead’s ideas might have also reflected those of his father, John Morehead, who was remembered by his grandson, as “a grand old man, far ahead of his age, hence his misfortunes. Slavery retarded the development of the country, and in vain he tried to accomplish what he saw was bound to be in the future. Had he lived north of the Mason and Dixon, he would have splendid success. The Moreheads got their intellect from him, and his moral nature was of the highest order.” John Motley Morehead, it appears, was not raised in a family that fully embraced slavery.

 

Ann Eliza and John Motley Morehead, Photograph, Preservation Greensboro Incorporated

After graduating from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1817, Morehead practiced law in Wentworth, the county seat of Rockingham. In 1821 Morehead was elected to represent Rockingham County in the North Carolina House of Commons. He married Ann Eliza Lindsay of Greensborough, Guilford County in 1821, and the young couple took residence in that city. In 1826, Morehead was elected for the first of two terms as the Representative for Guilford County in the House of Commons. During his service to Guilford County, he worked with his Quaker constituency on legislation related to enslavement.

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Examples of his work include a bill proposed on January 4, 1827, at the request of the Quakers, to provide emancipation of enslaved people under certain conditions. The bill was indefinitely postponed on Feb 8, 1827. Weeks later, on January 23, 1827, Morehead voted in favor of a bill to free two enslaved persons. It lost by a vote of 79 to 41. Days later, on Jan 30, 1827, he fought a bill restricting entry of freed enslaved people into the state. It lost by vote.

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As Southern states began increasing the restriction and control of Black people in the 1830s, Quaker and abolitionist groups grew less capable of changing any laws regarding slavery. Morehead joined the Whig Party, a political brand that sought to promote economic and industrial growth in the country through tariffs, infrastructure, and education. Henry Clay, a Senator from Kentucky, consolidated the Whig Party in 1844, was a friend and political ally of Morehead. Clay was a proponent of the colonization of free African Americans in Liberia, Africa.

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In the South, the Whig stance on slavery was ambiguous enough that in his first gubernatorial campaign, Morehead’s opponents sought to dissolve his political support by sharply criticizing his earlier work by stating in Raleigh’s The Standard newspaper June 3, 1840:

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          “This whig party, I repeat, do not and cannot entertain the jealousies they have affected on the subject of Slavery, and if they do,

          I boldly ask the people (even the whigs who are here present) how they came to nominate for Governor a gentleman whose

          whole legislative career is marked with opposition to the laws of North Carolina, on the subject of Slaves and Free negroes?”

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Other newspapers in portions of the state that had greater reliance on the slave economy took a critical stance on Morehead through his past voting record related to enslavement. On May 9, 1840 the Tarboro Press published a list of “Facts to Be Remembered” before the October 30 to December 2, 1840 election. The list featured several points related to voting (suffrage), movement, and slavery laws that were meant to discredit the nominee, as Morehead’s record reflected positions that were considered threats to the established convention of slavery.

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Socially, Morehead had numerous friends and colleagues that likely had an influence on his perceptions on enslavement. One voice was likely that of George C. Mendenhall, a Guilford County attorney and politician who served with Morehead in representing Guilford County in the House of Commons and who spoke on behalf of the region’s Quaker population. Another voice was Eli Caruthers, a Guilford County Presbyterian minister who served in sister churches to Morehead’s First Presbyterian Church in Greensboro.  Caruthers held interests in both ecclesiastical and historical topics, and published work in both fields. When Caruthers died in November of 1865 at the age of 71, he left behind an unpublished manuscript entitled American Slavery and the Immediate Duty of Southern Slaveholders that pondered “It is strange that a Christian and protestant people, who profess to value liberty above every other consideration on earth and to regard it as indispensable to the welfare of mankind should exhibit to the world such a legalized and systematized course of downright despotism.”

 

The Standard, Raleigh NC; 3 June 1840

It is within this forum of voices that Morehead likely struggled in maintaining a mainstream pro-slavery political position that was in-line with a majority of North Carolina’s voters, and at the same time demonstrating a relatively moderate position that spoke to his local constituency. His position was politically risky as it crossed severely with opinions held by his political opponents during the 1840 gubernatorial election. As stated by historian Konkle, statesmen such as Morehead “were liable to be between the hammer of the Abolitionist and the anvil of the large Slave-holders; those far away from slaves, but mad for their freedom, and those in the midst of a slave population, often larger than their own…”  In spite of his nuanced views, he handily won the office of governor by securing 55% of the statewide vote.

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In contrast to his political record, precious little documentation exists about Morehead’s personal narrative with enslaved people.  At his home in Greensborough, Blandwood, he enslaved a number of people – over thirty in 1850 – though the residence was not a plantation. The property held a number of vegetable and flower gardens, livestock, and other needs of an elite family. Morehead held other interests that included a traditional plantation and manufacturing facilities in Rockingham County. At Blandwood, two people enslaved by the Moreheads are listed by name in Ann Eliza’s will, Hannah Jones and Tinnan Morehead. Hannah may have lived above the kitchen, and enslaved workers responsible for caring for the Moreheads’ youngest children may have lived in an upstairs bedroom.  Others may have lived in two outbuildings referenced in the 1850 Slave Schedule (part of the Federal Census).

 

Deed for Mary, aged about six years, 16 November 1824, Guilford County Register of Deeds, Greensboro North Carolina

In 2015, papers discovered in the Guilford County Register of Deeds office recorded legal transactions of slave ownership. Nine transactions involve Morehead as a grantee or grantor between 1822 and 1826, and these records document some names, including Ann, Jane, Jacob, Valsey, Frank, Lewis, Esther, and George.

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The 1850 “Slave Schedule of the US Census” lists 37 people under Morehead’s name in Guilford County. This included 14 men and 23 women, of which only 8 women and 9 men were over the age of eighteen.  One of the women was one hundred years old.  The predominance of children is a mystery, but they might have been tasked with working in the household and grounds due to a relatively light workload compared to agricultural or industrial labor, and they may have benefited from the availability of skilled medical care in Greensborough. Papers held at Blandwood include a doctor’s bill, dated May 3, 1858-July 23, 1859, which lists numerous visits of Dr. James K. Hall to the enslaved workers at Blandwood.  The bill is addressed to Mrs. L. H. Walker (Letitia).  The total cost is $51.00.

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In Rockingham County, Morehead had 26 people listed in the 1850 Slave Schedule, including 11 women and 15 men. One historian states that Morehead’s “industrial holdings employed most of his slaves, and they were located at Spray in Rockingham County, and were thus not used in agriculture.” Furthermore, historian William Bushong reviewed the list of products supplied on the Agricultural Schedule of the 1860 census, it is evident that this acreage was utilized for raising livestock and cultivating cereal crops such as corn, wheat, and oats. Bushong states that “it is certain there was no plantation system involved because Morehead had only seventeen slaves in 1860.” Further research is needed on this topic.

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In 1860, county “Slave Schedules” list 17 people under Morehead’s name, eight of these individuals were women and nine were men. The eldest woman was noted as “manumitted”, a term used to indicate a freed person.  Of the group, four of the women and six of the men were above the age of 18. The decrease in number of enslaved people is at odds with members of his social and economic peer group, who often grew their investment in enslaved people during the same period.

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By the eve of the Civil War, the world Morehead had created in terms of improved education, transportation, manufacturing, and architecture was slipping closer to catastrophe. Hoping to avert the impending conflict by negotiation, Morehead represented North Carolina at the Washington “Peace Conference” in 1861. Discussions were not successful, and North Carolina seceded from the United States on May 20, 1861. He was elected as a delegate to the Confederate Provincial Congress and served until its work was completed in 1862.

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Historian Samuel A. Ashe stated in 1905 that the Civil War caused Morehead to be reduced in fortune, but in a letter from his daughter Letitia Walker, learned that “Governor Morehead’s estate, however, was less involved than that of many others, because he owned comparatively fewer slaves. His wife had been reared near the New Garden [Quaker] Church, which was abolitionist in sentiment, and had always opposed her husband’s investing largely in slaves.” He died a year and four months after the close of war while taking in the healing waters of Rockbridge Alum Springs in Virginia on August 27, 1866.

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After Emancipation, some emancipated workers continued to live and work at Blandwood.  Hannah Jones and Tinnan Morehead were bequeathed small amounts of bedroom furniture and personal items in Ann Eliza Morehead’s 1868 will, and Hannah appears again in Eugene Morehead’s diary around 1870 where she was noted for cooking a delicious dinner of possum and chicken. The 1870 census lists Eugene Morehead alongside Simian [perhaps Tinnan] Morehead (worked on farm), and Hannah Jones (domestic servant), and Samuel Jones (shoe maker) as residents of Blandwood. Samuel Jones and Hannah Jones were married in Greensboro on October 15, 1861.

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Overall, Morehead’s documented relationship to slavery does not mirror the standard rhetoric of high-income land-owning southerners of which Morehead was a peer. His political record depicts a nuanced position that reflected initiatives of his Guilford County constituents to improve the overall condition of free and enslaved Black people in the state of North Carolina.  In contrast to this progressive position, documentation survives to show that he did practice in buying and selling enslaved people, though the people he enslaved diminished by half from 1850 to 1860 to 16. The history of John Motley Morehead is complicated, and sometimes strays from established narratives of period biographies from other citizens in the American South. Research is ongoing to reveal information about members of the family, enslaved and free people who worked at Blandwood, as well as the pursuits of Abolition here in Greensboro and Guilford County.

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Special thanks to contributors to this article, including Reneé Donnell, Education Specialist with Preservation Greensboro, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and Jeff Thigpen Guilford County Register of Deeds